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SINDOB
Cálculo que reduz pensão por morte antes da aposentadoria é válido, decide STF
Cálculo que reduz pensão por morte antes da aposentadoria é válido, decide STF
Por maioria de votos, o Supremo Tribunal Federal decidiu que são constitucionais as novas regras de cálculo da pensão por morte dos segurados do Regime Geral de Previdência Social (RGPS) que morrem antes da aposentadoria.
O entendimento vencedor foi o do relator da matéria, ministro Luís Roberto Barroso, que propôs a seguinte tese:
"É constitucional o art. 23, caput, da Emenda Constitucional nº 103/2019, que fixa novos critérios de cálculo para a pensão por morte no Regime Geral e nos Regimes Próprios de Previdência Social".
Acompanharam Barroso os ministros Dias Toffoli, André Mendonça, Gilmar Mendes, Alexandre de Moraes, Cármen Lúcia, Luiz Fux e Kassio Nunes Marques. Restaram vencidos o ministro Edson Fachin e a presidente da corte, ministra Rosa Weber.
A decisão foi provocada por ação direta de inconstitucionalidade ajuizada pela Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores Assalariados e Assalariadas Rurais (Contar) contra um trecho da mais recente reforma da Previdência — a Emenda Constitucional 103/2019.
No voto vencedor, Barroso reconheceu que a reforma provocou uma diminuição relevante no valor da pensão por morte. Porém, segundo ele, isso não significa que houve violação a alguma cláusula pétrea da Constituição.
De acordo com o ministro, o direito à Previdência Social e o princípio da dignidade humana não oferecem "parâmetros precisos para o cálculo da prestação pecuniária". Esse cálculo só seria inconstitucional, sustentou Barroso, caso o benefício fosse a única fonte de renda formal do dependente e tivesse valor inferior a um salário mínimo, mas isso foi vedado pela EC 103/2019.
"A fixação de qualquer outro piso pelo Poder Judiciário beiraria a arbitrariedade e careceria de embasamento técnico", opinou o magistrado. Para ele, uma interferência judicial teria de considerar aspectos como idade do beneficiário, tempo de convívio com o dependente e duração do benefício, o que seria inviável.
O ministro apontou que, em 26 países da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE), o valor médio das pensões por morte corresponde a 56% dos proventos de aposentadoria por idade avançada. Ou seja, os exemplos estrangeiros não estão distantes da nossa realidade.
Além disso, muitos membros da OCDE fixam uma idade mínima maior do que a brasileira para que o parceiro possa receber o benefício de forma vitalícia. E, diferentemente do Brasil, 16 deles exigem um tempo mínimo de convivência, que varia de seis meses a cinco anos.
Barroso lembrou que, antes da reforma, a aposentadoria por invalidez no RGPS equivalia a 100% do salário de benefício. Este, por sua vez, consistia na média aritmética dos 80% maiores salários de contribuição.
Nesse sistema, o cálculo da pensão por morte também se baseava na aposentadoria por incapacidade. Portanto, era muito mais favorável aos dependentes do empregado que morria ainda em atividade, quando comparado com os dependentes do segurado que já estava aposentado voluntariamente.
Para o relator, o critério não era "sensível ao tempo de contribuição". Assim, a mudança "faz todo o sentido em termos de restauração do equilíbrio financeiro e atuarial". Ele recordou que as novas regras só se aplicam a quem ainda não havia adquirido direito à pensão e, dessa forma, não houve ofensa a direitos adquiridos ou violação a legítimas expectativas.
O magistrado ressaltou que as pensões por morte não têm a função de manter o padrão de vida alcançado pelo falecido, mas apenas de permitir que os dependentes possam se reorganizar financeiramente.
Por fim, o ministro destacou que os benefícios devem se basear na possibilidade real do sistema de arcar com o custo. "Muitas das escolhas feitas na Previdência Social tiveram como pano de fundo um quadro de abundância de recursos, que já não se põe mais."
