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SINDOB
Penhora de salário? Entenda o novo entendimento da lei pelo STF
Penhora de salário? Entenda o novo entendimento da lei pelo STF
Você sabe quando o seu salário pode ser penhorado? Segundo o Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ), temos uma nova resposta para essa dúvida desde o dia 19 de abril, data em que os ministros reconsideraram o entendimento sobre penhora salarial na legislação brasileira.
A deliberação do tribunal diz que, em casos excepcionais, é possível penhorar salários de devedores para o pagamento de dívidas protestadas na Justiça.
A penhora salarial entra como último recurso de cobrança e após uma análise profunda do juiz sobre o impacto nas finanças da pessoa inadimplente.
Entenda o que é penhora de salário e como a nova decisão do STF pode afetar a sua relação com o dinheiro!
O que é a penhora do salário?
Penhora do salário é o bloqueio parcial, determinado pela Justiça, do salário do devedor para garantir que uma dívida protestada seja paga. Esse recurso está previsto no Código de Processo Civil (CPC) pelo artigo 833.
Até abril de 2023, a interpretação dessa lei não permitia a penhora de salário se o devedor ganha menos que 50 salários mínimos (R$ 65,1 mil atualmente) por mês ou quando o caso se tratava de pensão alimentícia.
Encontramos essa informação especificada pelo inciso IV, em que diz ser impenhorável:
"Os vencimentos, os subsídios, os soldos, os salários, as remunerações, os proventos de aposentadoria, as pensões, os pecúlios e os montepios, bem como as quantias recebidas por liberalidade de terceiro e destinadas ao sustento do devedor e de sua família, os ganhos de trabalhador autônomo e os honorários de profissional liberal, ressalvado o § 2º”.
Além disso, a moradia do cidadão inadimplente e de sua família, assim como os bens que o devedor utiliza para o seu exercício profissional são impenhoráveis – exceto quando a dívida é sobre o imóvel.
Um mês após a Confederação Nacional de Dirigentes Lojistas (CNDL) e o Serviço de Proteção ao Crédito (SPC Brasil) divulgarem que o Brasil atingiu um novo recorde de inadimplência, o STF estabeleceu um novo precedente para a penhora salarial.
Saiba mais: Salário mínimo tem nova fórmula de reajuste.
Como funciona a penhora salarial na prática?
A Lei Nº 13.105/2015 do Código de Processo Civil deve ser aplicada sob uma nova perspectiva de acordo com a decisão tomada pelos ministros do STF de relativizar a penhora salarial.
Após analisar um processo em que a penhora de 30% da remuneração de um devedor foi negada, sendo que o seu salário era de R$ 8,5mil aproximadamente, o tribunal chegou a conclusão de que era preciso ampliar o entendimento da lei.
Para o ministro João Otávio Noronha, relator do caso, o artigo 833 trata a impenhorabilidade como relativa.
Como consequência, nas palavras do magistrado, "conceda a tutela jurisdicional mais adequada a cada caso, em contraponto a uma aplicação rígida, linear e inflexível do conceito de impenhorabilidade".
Noronha ainda disse que 50 salários mínimos é um valor “destoante da realidade brasileira”. Portanto, é necessário a análise individual dos processos para sustentar a extinção da dívida e preservar a dignidade do devedor.
A votação na Corte Especial do STJ foi encerrada com o placar de nove votos contra cinco. Veja a seguir quem se posicionou contra ou a favor do limite mínimo de remuneração para a penhora salarial.
Votos a favor: Raul Araújo, luis Felipe Salomão, Mauro Campbell Marques, Maria Isabel Gallotti e Antonio Carlos Ferreira.
Votos contra: João Otávio de Noronha, Humberto Martins, Herman Benjamin, Og Fernandes, Ricardo Villas Bôas Cueva, Francisco Falcão, Nancy Andrighi e Laurita Vaz.
Quando o salário pode ser penhorado?
Em termos práticos, o salário pode ser penhorado independente do valor da sua remuneração desde que o dinheiro retido para pagamento da dívida não comprometa o custo de vida do devedor, como aluguel, mensalidade de escola e gastos com saúde, por exemplo.
Vale ressaltar que qualquer pessoa física ou jurídica tem o direito de discutir uma dívida na Justiça após tomar todas as medidas de cobrança extrajudicial, como bancos, fornecedores, condomínios, órgãos públicos e pessoas com dívida de pensão alimentícia.
No entanto, a penhora de salário será o último recurso a ser aplicado e cabe somente ao juiz avaliar se o devedor consegue arcar com essa decisão.
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